Epistemologizing the Islamic Concept of Resurrection in the Hereafter: A Comparative Study Between al-Ghazālī and Fazlur Rahman
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The study aims at investigating the epistemology of the concept of resurrection in the hereafter in the views of al-Ghazālī and Fazlur Rahman. This study used documents analysed descriptively and epistemologically. It was found that both figures admitted that resurrection in the hereafter occurs not only in the spirit but also in the body. However, al-Ghazālī’s conception was a dualism of body and soul, while Rahman believed that body and soul are inseparable entities. Epistemologically, al-Ghazālī used text, reason, and intuition as sources of knowledge while Rahman used only text and reason. Al-Ghazālī tended to apply the kalām and intuitive (mystical) methods, while Rahman was more concerned with the philosophical and kalām methods. Discussion by al-Ghazālī was undertaken in theological-metaphysical study of eschatology, while Rahman went beyond mere theological-metaphysical study in which he directed his study towards an ethical-anthropocentric discussion. This comparative study is essential for observing and developing Islamic thought and education.
Downloads
Article Details
References
Abdullah, M. Amin. Studi Agama: Normativitas atau Historisitas? Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 1999.
Abdullah, M. Amin. The Idea of Universality of Ethical Norms in Ghazālī & Kant. Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfi, 1992.
Abdullah, M. Amin, “Rekonstruksi Metodologi Studi Agama Dalam Masyarakat Multikultural dan Multirelijius,” Pidato Pengukuhan Guru Besar Ilmu Filsafat. Yogyakarta: IAIN Sunan Kalijaga, 2000.
Adam, D. S. “Theology.” Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics XII, ed. James Hastings. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, & New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1954.
‘Ali, ‘Abdullah Yusuf. The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an: Complete Translation with Selected Notes. Kuala Lumpur: Islamic Book Trust, 1996.
Copleston, Frederick. A History of Philosophy I. London: Search Press & New Jersey: Paulist Press, 1946.
Denny, Frederick Mathewson, “Fazlur Rahman: Muslim Intellectual,” The Muslim World 79, no. 2 (1989).
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Mishkāt al-Anwār, ed. Abū al-‘Alā ‘Afīfī. Cairo: Dār al-Qawmiyyah, 1964.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Tahāfut al-Falāsifah, ed. Sulaymān Dunyā. Cairo: Dār al-Maʻārif, 1966.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Al-Durrah al-Fākhirah fī Kashf ‘Ulūm al-Ākhirah, ed. Muḥammad ‘Abd al-Khāliq ‘Abd al-Qādir Aḥmad ‘Atā. Beirut: Mu’assasah al-Kutub al-Thaqāfiyyah, 1992.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. “Al-Maḍnūn bih ‘alā Ghayr Ahlih. In Majmūʻah Rasā’il al-Imām al-Ghazālī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1996.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. “Al-Qistās al-Mustaqīm.” In Majmūʻah Rasā’il al-Imām al-Ghazālī. Beirut: Dār al-Fikr, 1996.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Al-Munqidh min al-Ḍalāl. Beirut: Al-Maktabah al-Shaʻbiyyah, n.d.
Al-Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid. Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn I. Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-‘Ilmiyyah, n.d.
Glasse, Cyril. The Concise Encyclopedia of Islam. London: Stacey International, 1989.
Hamblin, William J. & Peterson, Daniel C. “Eschatology.” In The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World I. eds. John L. Esposito. New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.
Hamlyn, D. W. “Epistemology, History of.” In Encyclopedia of Philosophy III. ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. & The Free Press, 1972.
Harrison, Jonathan. “Intuitionism.” In Encyclopedia of Philosophy III. ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. & The Free Press, 1972.
Ibn Rushd. Tahāfut al-Tahāfut II. Cairo: Dār al-Maʻārif, 1971.
Ibn Taymiyyah. Naqd al-Manṭiq. Cairo: Al-Sunnah al-Muḥammadiyyah, 1951.
Izutsu, Toshihiko. God and Man in the Koran: Semantics of the Koranic Weltanschauung. Tokyo: The Keio Institute of Cultural and Linguistic Studies, 1964.
Al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ‘Ābid. Bunyah al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī: Dirāsah Taḥlīliyyah Naqdiyyah li Nuẓum al-Maʻrifah fī al-Thaqāfah al-‘Arabiyyah. Beirut: Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabiyyah, 1990.
Al-Jābirī, Muḥammad ‘Ābid. Takwīn al-‘Aql al-‘Arabī. Beirut: al-Markaz al-Thaqāfī al-‘Arabī, 1990.
Kattsoff, L. O. Pengantar Filsafat, trans. Soejono Soemargono. Yogyakarta: Tiara Wacana Yogya, 1987.
Leaman, Oliver. A Brief Introduction of Islamic Philosophy. Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999.
Macdonald, D. B., “The Life of al-Gazali, with Special Reference to his Religious Experiences and Opinions,” Journal of the American Oriental Society 20 (1899): 71-132.
Marmura, Michael E. “Ghazālī’s Attitude to the Secular Sciences and Logic.” In Essays on Islamic Philosophy and Science, ed. George F. Hourani. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975.
Marmura, Michael E. “Falsafah.” In The Encyclopedia of Religion V. ed. Mircea Eliade. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, & London: Collier Macmillan Publishers, 1987.
Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. “The Meaning and Concept of Philosophy in Islam.” History of Islamic Philosophy, ed. Seyyed Hossein Nasr & Oliver Leaman. London & New York: Routledge, 1996.
Nuseibeh, Sari. “Epistemology.” In History of Islamic Philosophy, eds. Seyyed Hossein Nasr & Oliver Leaman. London & New York: Routledge, 1996.
Owen, H. P. “Eschatology.” In Encyclopedia of Philosophy III. ed. Paul Edwards. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. & The Free Press, 1972.
Al-Qurṭūbī, Abī ‘Abd Allāh. Kitāb al-Tadhkirah bi Aḥwāl al-Mawtā wa Umūr al-Ākhirah. Riyadh: Maktabah Dār al-Minhāj, n.d.
Rahman, Fazlur. “An Autobiographical Note.” In The Courage of Conviction, ed. Philip L. Berman. New York: Ballantine Books, 1985.
Rahman, Fazlur, “Modern Muslim Thought,” The Muslim World 45 (1955): 16-25.
Rahman, Fazlur. Prophecy in Islam: Philosophy and Orthodoxy. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1958
Rahman, Fazlur. “Islamic philosophy.” Edwards, P. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Philosophy IV. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc. & The Free Press, 1972.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam. Chicago & London: University of Chicago Press, 1979.
Rahman, Fazlur. Major Themes of the Quran. Chicago & Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, 1980.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islam and Modernity: Transformation of an Intellectual Tradition. Chicago & London: The University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Rahman, Fazlur, “Some Recent Books on the Quran by Western Authors,” The Journal of Religion 64 (1984): 157-162.
Rahman, Fazlur. Health and Medicine in the Islamic Tradition: Change and Identity. New York: The Crossroad Publishing Company, 1987.
Rahman, Fazlur. Islamic Methodology in History. Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors, 1994.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Ibn Sīnā.” In A History of Muslim Philosophy, ed. M. M. Sharif. Delhi: Low Price Publications, 1995.
Rahman, Fazlur. “Some Islamic Issues in the Ayub Khan Era, Essay on Islamic Civilization.” In Essays on Islamic Civilization, ed. Donald P. Little. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1976.
Rahman, Fazlur. The Philosophy of Mullā Ṣadrā. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1975.
Russell, Bertrand. History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1974.
Sibawaihi. Eskatologi al-Gazali dan Fazlur Rahman: Studi Komparatif Epistemologi Klasik-Kontemporer. Yogyakarta: Islamika, 2004.
Sīnā, Ibn. Al-Ishārāt wa al-Tanbīhāt. Cairo: Dār al-Fikr, 1960.
Smith, Jane Idleman & Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck. The Islamic Understanding of Death and Resurrection. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1981.
Smith, Linda and Raeper, William. Ide-ide Filsafat dan Agama Dulu dan Sekarang, trans. P. Hardono Hadi. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 2000.
Smith, Robin. “Logic.” In The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle, ed. Jonathan Barnes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.
Al-Shaʻrānī, ‘Abd al-Wahhāb ibn Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī. Al-Yawāqīt wa al-Jawāhir fī Bayān ‘Aqā’id al-Akābir. Beirut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-‘Arabī & Mu’assasah al-Tārikh al-‘Arabī, 1972.
Sumaryono, E. Dasar-dasar Logika. Yogyakarta: Kanisius, 1999.
Al-Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ‘Abd al-Raḥmān. Sharḥ al-Ṣudūr bi Sharḥ Ḥāl al-Mawtā wa al-Qubūr. Cairo: Dār al-Madanī, 1985.
Watt, W. Montgomery. Al-Ghazali: The Muslim Intellectual. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1963.
Watt, W. Montgomery. Islamic Philosophy and Theology: An Extended Survey. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1992.
Welch, Alford T., “Major Themes of the Quran,” The Muslim World 74 (1984): 120-123.
Wolfson, Harry Austryn. The Philosophy of the Kalām. Cambridge, Massachusetts, & London: Harvard University Press, 1976.
Yusuf, I., “Discussion Between al-Ghazzali and Ibn Rushd about the Nature of Resurrection,” Islamic Studies 25, no. 2 (1986): 181-195.
Zayd, Naṣr Ḥāmid Abū. Mafhūm al-Naṣṣ: Dirāsah fī ‘Ulūm al-Qur’ān. Beirut: Al-Markaz al-Thaqāfī al-‘Arabī, 1996.