Micro RNAs In Periodontal Disease – A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22452/adum.vol27no3Keywords:
microRNA, biogenesis, profiling, innate immunity, acquired immunity, bone remodellingAbstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a family of small, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression and protein expression. microRNAs have influence on a broad range of physiologic and pathologic conditions. They are also considered as promising biomarkers especially when they are secreted extracellularly. In the inflammatory pathways, they dysregulate the molecular processes and contribute to the development of chronic inflammatory diseases including periodontitis. In this review, we provide an overview of miRNA characteristics, biogenesis, mechanisms of action and profiling methods. In addition, the role of miRNAs in the pathobiology of periodontitis, especially those pertaining to the cellular and molecular pathways of inflammation has been considered to enhance our understanding of the pathobiology of periodontitis.
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References
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3. Lee RC, Feinbaum RL, Ambros V. The C. elegans heterochronic gene LIN-4 encodes small RNAs with antisense complementarity to LIN-14. Cell. 1993;75:843–854.
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5. Griffiths-Jones S. The microRNA registry. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004;32:D109–D111.
6. Ha M, Kim VN. Regulation of microRNA biogenesis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2014;15:509–524.
7. Marco A, Ninova M, Griffiths-Jones S. Multiple products from microRNA transcripts. Biochem Soc Trans. 2013;41:850–854.
8. Borchert GM, Lanier W, Davidson BL. RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2006;13:1097–1101.
9. Roth BM, Ishimaru D, Hennig M. The core microprocessor component diGeorge syndrome critical region 8 (DGCR8) is a nonspecific RNA-binding protein. J Biol Chem. 2013;288:26785–26799.
10. Lee Y, Ahn C, Han J, Choi H, Kim J, Yim J, Lee J, Provost P, Radmark O, Kim S, Kim VN. The nuclear RNAse III Drosha initiates microRNA processing. Nature. 2003;425:415–419.
11. Yi R, Qin Y, Macara IG, Cullen BR. Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs. Genes Dev. 2003;17:3011–3016.
12. Guo L, Zhao Y, Yang S, Zhang H, Chen F. A genome-wide screen for non-template nucleotides and isomir repertoires in miRNAs indicates dynamic and versatile microRNAome. Mol Biol Rep. 2014;41:6649–6658.
13. Guo L, Chen F. A challenge for miRNA: Multiple isomirs in miRNAomics. Gene. 2014;544:1–7.
14. Neilsen CT, Goodall GJ, Bracken CP. IsomiRs--the overlooked repertoire in the dynamic microRNAome. Trends Genet. 2012;28:544–549.
15. Tan GC, Chan E, Molnar A, Sarkar R, Alexieva D, Isa IM, Robinson S, Zhang S, Ellis P, Langford CF, Guillot PV, Chandrashekran A, Fisk NM, Castellano L, Meister G, Winston RM, Cui W, Baulcombe D, Dibb NJ. 5' isomir variation is of functional and evolutionary importance. Nucleic Acids Res. 2014;42:9424–9435.
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17. Huntzinger E, Izaurralde E. Gene silencing by microRNAs: contributions of translational repression and mRNA decay. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:99–110.
18. Ipsaro JJ, Joshua-Tor L. From guide to target: molecular insights into eukaryotic RNA-interference machinery. Nat Struct Mol Biol. 2015;22:20–28.
19. Forman JJ, Legesse-Miller A, Coller HA. A search for conserved sequences in coding regions reveals that the let-7 microRNA targets Dicer within its coding sequence. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008;105:14879–84.
20. Zhang J, ZhouW, Liu Y, Liu T, Li C,Wang L. Oncogenic role of microRNA-532-5p in human colorectal cancer via targeting of the 5′ UTR of RUNX3. Oncol Lett. 2018;15:7215–7220.
21. Dharap A, Pokrzywa C, Murali S, Pandi G, Vemuganti R. MicroRNA miR- 324-3p induces promoter-mediated expression of RelA gene. PLoS ONE 2013;8:e79467.
22. Meister G. Argonaute proteins: Functional insights and emerging roles. Nat Rev Genet. 2013;14:447–459.
23. Jonas S, Izaurralde E. Towards a molecular understanding of microRNA-mediated gene silencing. Nat Rev Genet. 2015;16:421–33.
24. Jo MH, Shin S, Jung SR, Kim E, Song JJ, Hohng S. Human Argonaute 2 Has diverse reaction pathways on Target RNAs. Mol Cell. 2015;59:117–24.
25. Murata K, Yoshitomi H, Furu M, Ishikawa M, Shibuya H, Ito H, Matsuda Micro RNA-451 down-regulates neutrophil chemotaxis via p38 MAPK. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66:549–559.
26. Nahid MA, Rivera M, Lucas A, Chan EK, Kesavalu L. Polymicrobial infection with periodontal pathogens specifically enhances microRNA miR-146a in APOE−/− mice during experimental periodontal disease. Infect Immun. 2011;79:1597–1605.
27. Nakao A, Kajiya H, Fukushima H, Fukushima A, Anan H, Ozeki S, Okabe K. PTHRP induces notch signaling in periodontal ligament cells. J Dent Res. 2009;88:551–556.
28. Nallamshetty S, Chan SY, Loscalzo J. Hypoxia: A master regulator of microRNA biogenesis and activity. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013;64:20–30.
29. Accerbi M, et al. Methods for isolation of total RNA to recover miRNAs and other small RNAs from diverse species. Methods Mol Biol. 2010;592:31–50.
30. Tam S, de Borja R, Tsao MS, McPherson JD. Robust global microRNA expression profiling using next-generation sequencing technologies. Lab Invest. 2014;94:350– 358.
31. Kapranov P, et al. New class of gene-termini-associated human RNAs suggests a novel RNA copying mechanism. Nature. 2010;466:642–6.
32. Lee YH, Na HS, Jeong SY, Jeong SH, Park HR, Chung J. Comparison of inflammatory microRNA expression in healthy and periodontitis tissues. Biocell. 2011;35:43–49.
33. Perri R, Nares S, Zhang S, Barros SP, Offenbacher S. MicroRNA modulation in obesity and periodontitis. J Dent Res. 2012;91:33–38.
34. Stoecklin-Wasmer C, Guarnieri P, Celenti R, Demmer RT, Kebschull M, Papapanou PN. MicroRNAs and their target genes in gingival tissues. J Dent Res. 2012;91:934– 940.
35. Xie YF, Shu R, Jiang SY, Liu DL, Zhang XL. Comparison of microRNA profiles of human periodontal diseased and healthy gingival tissues. Int J Oral Sci. 2011;3:125– 134.
36. Papapanou PN, Behle JH, Kebschull M, Celenti R, Wolf DL, Handfield M, Pavlidis P, Demmer RT. Subgingival bacterial colonization profiles correlate with gingival tissue gene expression. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:221.
37. Garlet GP. Destructive and protective roles of cytokines in periodontitis: A re-appraisal from host defense and tissue destruction viewpoints. J Dent Res. 2010;89:1349–1363.
38. Benakanakere M, Kinane DF. Innate cellular responses to the periodontal biofilm. Front Oral Biol. 2012;15:41–55.
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