Thohir, Ajid, and Muhammad Andi Septiadi. “The Development of Islamic Civilization in the World: Knowledge, Integration and Innovation (750-1258 CE)”. Journal of Al-Tamaddun 20, no. 2 (December 24, 2025): 111–126. Accessed February 27, 2026. https://mjir.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/view/57080.